bbq.shtml0000644000101700001450000000533010251363313012301 0ustar schultzusers David Schultz: Current Research: Airstreams

Dr. David M. Schultz

CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS:

Fronts, Airstreams, and Airstream Boundaries


I'm pursuing collaborative research with Bob Cohen who developed a method for objectively calculating airstream boundaries in midlatitude cyclones. We are investigating the development of airstream boundaries in idealized nondivergent vortices and simulated low-pressure systems in different background flows. This research helps to explain the differences between the conceptual models of cyclones (Norwegian Cyclone Model and the Shapiro-Keyser (1990) cyclone model).

The first manuscript from this collaboration is now available:
Cohen, R. A., and D. M. Schultz, 2005: Contraction rate and its relationship to frontogenesis, the Lyapunov exponent, fluid trapping, and airstream boundaries. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1353-1369. [AMS] [PDF]

One use of these diagnostics is to diagnose fluid trapping. For an illustration of this, see this case study of a vorticity maximum as observed in water-vapor imagery.


This work was presented at the 10th Cyclone Workshop in Val Morin, Quebec, the 11th Cyclone Workshop in Monterey, California, and the Fred Sanders Symposium.

Snapshots of trajectories and airstream boundaries:
ERICA IOP 5: Cyclone in Diffluent Flow
ERICA IOP 8: Cyclone in Confluent Flow

Bob's page (with animations of ERICA IOP 5 and IOP 8)

Abstract for the 11th Cyclone Workshop
Abstract for the 10th Cyclone Workshop


Return to David Schultz's homepage.


Updated 7 June 2005
bbq.shtml~0000644000101700001450000000514610150744645012515 0ustar schultzusers David Schultz: Current Research: Airstreams

Dr. David M. Schultz

CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS:

Fronts, Airstreams, and Airstream Boundaries


I'm pursuing collaborative research with Bob Cohen who developed a method for objectively calculating airstream boundaries in midlatitude cyclones. We are investigating the development of airstream boundaries in idealized nondivergent vortices and simulated low-pressure systems in different background flows. This research helps to explain the differences between the conceptual models of cyclones (Norwegian Cyclone Model and the Shapiro-Keyser (1990) cyclone model).

The first manuscript from this collaboration is now available:
Cohen, R. A., and D. M. Schultz, 2005: Contraction rate and its relationship to frontogenesis, the Lyapunov exponent, fluid trapping, and airstream boundaries. Mon. Wea. Rev., in press. [PDF]

One use of these diagnostics is to diagnose fluid trapping. For an illustration of this, see this case study of a vorticity maximum as observed in water-vapor imagery.


This work was presented at the 10th Cyclone Workshop in Val Morin, Quebec, the 11th Cyclone Workshop in Monterey, California, and the Fred Sanders Symposium.

Snapshots of trajectories and airstream boundaries:
ERICA IOP 5: Cyclone in Diffluent Flow
ERICA IOP 8: Cyclone in Confluent Flow

Bob's page (with animations of ERICA IOP 5 and IOP 8)

Abstract for the 11th Cyclone Workshop
Abstract for the 10th Cyclone Workshop


Return to David Schultz's homepage.


Updated 23 November 2004
communication.html0000644000101700001450000002105210302166641014220 0ustar schultzusers Good Scientific Communication Skills by David Schultz

Good Scientific Communication Skills

David Schultz

http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~schultz/communication.html


This web page was developed for our summer Research Experience for Undergraduates program at the Oklahoma Weather Center, but the links are applicable to many different types of writers. I have developed a 4-hour workshop on good scientific communication skills and have presented this material to a variety of different scientific organizations. I'd be happy to present this workshop in a number of different formats at your group. Email me to find out how.

ONLINE RESOURCES

BOOKS

  • The Mayfield Handbook of Technical & Scientific Writing Best all-around book I've found on scientific writing.
  • Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams: The Craft of Research, 2nd edition (Another great all-around book on performing and communicating up research)
  • Michael Alley, "The Craft of Scientific Presentations"
  • Edward Tufte Books on Scientific Visualization
  • The Science Editor's Soapbox, ISBN 0-9663011-0-2.
    Werner J. Lipton
    P.O. Box 16103
    Fresno, CA 93755-6103
    Phone: (209)229-8486
  • A Ph.D. Is Not Enough! Peter J. Feibelman, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, ISBN 0-201-62663-2.
  • How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, Second ed., Robert A. Day, iSi Press, ISBN 0-89495-022-3.
  • A Woman's Guide to the Language of Success: Communicating with Confidence and Power., Phyllis Mindell, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-157215-6. (Recommended by Pam MacKeen.)
  • Put Your Science to Work. Peter S. Fiske, AGU. http://www.agu.org/careerguide
  • Handbook of Technical Writing Peter T. Brusaw, Gerald J. Alred, and Walter E. Oliu. St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-16690-7. (Recommended by Chuck Doswell)
  • The Elements of Graphing Data. William S. Cleveland. Hobart Press. (Recommended by Kim Elmore)
  • Visual Revelations: Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception from Napolean Bonaparte to Ross Perot. Howard Wainer. Copernicus (Springer-Verlag). (Recommended by Kim Elmore)
  • Communicating in Science. 2nd ed. Vernon Booth. Cambridge (Recommended by Kim Elmore)
  • The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage Theodore Bernstein. (Recommended by Luciano Fleischfresser)
  • A Handbook for Scholars. Mary-Claire van Leunen. (Recommended by Luciano Fleischfresser)
  • Writing the Doctoral Dissertation: A Systematic Approach. Gordon Davis and Clyde Parker. (Recommended by Luciano Fleischfresser)
  • The Word: An Associated Press Guide to Good News Writing. Rene J. Cappon. (Recommended by Keli Tarp)

RESOURCES AND CLEARINGHOUSES FOR OTHER WEB SITES


Return to the National Severe Storms Laboratory.
Return to David Schultz's homepage. david.schultz@noaa.gov
Last update: 5 July 2005


communication.html~0000644000101700001450000002066410262577503014436 0ustar schultzusers Good Scientific Communication Skills by David Schultz

Good Scientific Communication Skills

David Schultz

http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~schultz/communication.html


This web page was developed for our summer Research Experience for Undergraduates program at the Oklahoma Weather Center, but the links are applicable to many different types of writers. I have developed a 4-hour workshop on good scientific communication skills and have presented this material to a variety of different scientific organizations. I'd be happy to present this workshop in a number of different formats at your group. Email me to find out how.

ONLINE RESOURCES

BOOKS

  • The Mayfield Handbook of Technical & Scientific Writing Best all-around book I've found on scientific writing.
  • Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams: The Craft of Research, 2nd edition (Another great all-around book on performing and communicating up research)
  • Edward Tufte Books on Scientific Visualization
  • The Science Editor's Soapbox, ISBN 0-9663011-0-2.
    Werner J. Lipton
    P.O. Box 16103
    Fresno, CA 93755-6103
    Phone: (209)229-8486
  • A Ph.D. Is Not Enough! Peter J. Feibelman, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, ISBN 0-201-62663-2.
  • How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, Second ed., Robert A. Day, iSi Press, ISBN 0-89495-022-3.
  • A Woman's Guide to the Language of Success: Communicating with Confidence and Power., Phyllis Mindell, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-157215-6. (Recommended by Pam MacKeen.)
  • Put Your Science to Work. Peter S. Fiske, AGU. http://www.agu.org/careerguide
  • Handbook of Technical Writing Peter T. Brusaw, Gerald J. Alred, and Walter E. Oliu. St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-16690-7. (Recommended by Chuck Doswell)
  • The Elements of Graphing Data. William S. Cleveland. Hobart Press. (Recommended by Kim Elmore)
  • Visual Revelations: Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception from Napolean Bonaparte to Ross Perot. Howard Wainer. Copernicus (Springer-Verlag). (Recommended by Kim Elmore)
  • Communicating in Science. 2nd ed. Vernon Booth. Cambridge (Recommended by Kim Elmore)
  • The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage Theodore Bernstein. (Recommended by Luciano Fleischfresser)
  • A Handbook for Scholars. Mary-Claire van Leunen. (Recommended by Luciano Fleischfresser)
  • Writing the Doctoral Dissertation: A Systematic Approach. Gordon Davis and Clyde Parker. (Recommended by Luciano Fleischfresser)
  • The Word: An Associated Press Guide to Good News Writing. Rene J. Cappon. (Recommended by Keli Tarp)

RESOURCES AND CLEARINGHOUSES FOR OTHER WEB SITES


Return to the National Severe Storms Laboratory.
Return to David Schultz's homepage. david.schultz@noaa.gov
Last update: 5 July 2005


csi.shtml0000644000101700001450000000064707664705614012343 0ustar schultzusers David Schultz: Conditional Symmetric Instability Web Page

The Conditional Symmetric Instability Homepage

can now be found at http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/csi.

David Schultz 5/27/03

cyclone.shtml0000644000101700001450000000633510063614535013205 0ustar schultzusers 10th Cyclone Workshop: Photos

10th Cyclone Workshop, Val Morin, Quebec
22--26 September 1997


A Meeting Summary for this Cyclone Workshop has been published:
Gyakum, J. R., L. F. Bosart, and D. M. Schultz, 1999: The Tenth Cyclone Workshop. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 285-290.


Summary of Tuesday's sessions
Photos by David Schultz david.schultz@noaa.gov and Chuck Doswell cdoswell@gcn.ou.edu



Return to David Schultz's homepage.

decker.shtml0000644000101700001450000000411710017753537013007 0ustar schultzusers David Schultz: Current Research: Flash Floods

Dr. David M. Schultz

National Severe Storms Laboratory


CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS:

Flash Flooding and Potential Vorticity


I collaborated with Steve Decker, a Research Experience for Undergraduate student in the summer of 1998. He was an undergrad at Iowa State.

The goal was to see the extent to which mid- and upper-tropospheric potential vorticity anomalies precede flash-flooding events. Steve's research found that for five cases he examined, four of the cases suggested that looking for these potential vorticity anomalies was a useful precursor to flash floods.

While this is suggestive, there are many caveats that remain unanswered at this time.

  • How many PV anomalies are not associated with flash flood events?
  • How do we distinguish PV anomalies that will produce flash floods from those which will not produce a flash flood?
  • Since the scale of many of these PV anomalies are too small to be detected by the observational network, how do we go about forecasting these events?
This work was presented at the 19th Severe Local Storms Conference in Minneapolis, MN.
If you have any further questions about the research discussed here, or desire a manuscript, please feel free to write to me: david.schultz@noaa.gov.

Return to David Schultz's homepage.


Since 8/22/98, you are visitor number:
enso.shtml0000644000101700001450000001077007607341444012521 0ustar schultzusers David Schultz: El Nino and the Weather

Thoughts on El Nino and the Weather



Subject: El Nino
To: ahlgren@gg.caltech.edu (Sara Ahlgren)
Date: Wed, 15 Oct 1997 15:17:15 -0500 (CDT)

> So, a weather question..... Here everything is El nino, El nino
> ..... but in your penultimate post it seemed like it might be
> inappropriate to ascribe certain weather systems to el nino.... what are
> the facts, in layman's terms.

Sara,

Fact 1: El Nino is a warming of the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean. The atmosphere responds to that warming by producing lower surface pressure above the warm water. That atmospheric response is called the Southern Oscillation. Therefore, when you hear the media talk about how the El Nino will affect you, they really mean how the atmospheric response to the El Nino will affect you.

Fact 2: Whether there is an El Nino going on or not, weather happens. Storms come and go. Floods happen. Droughts happen. Therefore, if southern California has a big rainstorm in February 1998, we have no way of knowing whether it would have occurred were we not having an El Nino. Now, if southern California gets a large number of storms in January through March 1998 and gets washed away, AND, we as atmospheric scientists can say, "the unusually heavy rains in S. CA were due to a jet stream that was farther south than usual because the convection over the equatorial Pacific Ocean . . . (more causative links omitted) . . . which is a direct response to the warm water in that area due to the El Nino", then we have made a link between the heavy rains in a climatological sense and El Nino.

Note added 7/31/99: The excellent paper by Barsugli et al. (1999) in the July 1999 Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society is one way that showing the link between individual weather events and larger-scale processes might be explored.

Just remember, if anyone tries to pin a specific weather event on El Nino or even a general climate anomaly without having done the work (i.e., the causative links), they shouldn't be taken seriously.

Fact 3: The atmosphere has been known to respond to different El Nino episodes differently. Simply put, not every year that has an El Nino has the same weather. AND not every place on the earth is sensitive to El Ninos. Here in Oklahoma, we're split between having a cold winter and a warm winter. My own research (Schultz et al., January 1998, Monthly Weather Review, pp. 5-27) indicates that cold frontal passages in the southern Plains of the U.S. (e.g., Texas, Oklahoma), Mexico, and Central America are about twice as likely to occur during El Nino years than La Nina years (the opposite pattern), but that doesn't necessarily mean colder temperatures on average because the cold air may not last as long. The Pacific Northwest, on the other hand, is very sensitive to the effects of El Nino. Snowfall in the Cascade Mountains can be much below normal because of the diverted jet stream during an El Nino year.

Anyway, that's about it for now. I was actually on a radio talk show here in Norman about two months ago talking about El Nino and tried to make the same points. I've been getting the same questions, so I think I'll make this email into an essay on my web page. Check it out in the near future.

Take care,

Dave

P.S. If you want further information about El Ninos, check out the following web pages:
NOAA's Climate Prediction Center and NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory.


Return to David Schultz's homepage.

Since 10/14/97, you are visitor number:
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    WEATHER

  • Resource Listing for Weather and Climate Instruction
  • Current Weather: NSSL/SPC in Norman, OK
  • Click for Norman, Oklahoma Forecast

    Universities

    Operational Weather Centers

    Real-Time Mesoscale Models

    El Nino and La Nina

    Unique Sites

    Organizations

    Other Sites

    Lists of Other Sites


    MY FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES


    INSTITUTIONS


    REFERENCE INFORMATION


    CAREER INFORMATION


    Return to David Schultz's Homepage.

    David Schultz
    david.schultz@noaa.gov


    help.html0000644000101700001450000000453207535153452012321 0ustar schultzusersDave Schultz

    Congratulations!

    and welcome to your new web account on kato.

    You will probably want to replace this page with one of your own. To FTP files to your web space, use the host name "kato.cimms.ou.edu" and login with the username and password that you were provided. Student accounts are located in /home/students/. Faculty accounts are in /home/faculty/. Name your primary page "index.htm" or "index.html". If you have any questions, please e-mail us at the link below. We recommend using at least a 4.0 browser.


    Links:

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    © University of Oklahoma College of Geosciences
    index.shtml0000644000101700001450000002174610536271006012660 0ustar schultzusers David Schultz: Homepage (NSSL)
    |MAIN| |PROFESSIONAL| |RESEARCH| |PERSONAL| |COOL LINKS| |MISC.| |MAY 3| |MUSIC| |MY OU WEB PAGE|
    David Schultz Surfing on the Upper Mountain Fork River in Oklahoma

    Dr. David M. Schultz

    Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, and
    Mesoscale Applications Group
    Forecast Research and Development Division
    National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
    U.S. Department of Commerce

    NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory/FRDD, Suite 4356
    120 David L. Boren Blvd
    Norman, OK 73072-7326

    phone: (405) 325-6136
    fax: not known at this time
    Room: National Weather Center 4360
    david.schultz@noaa.gov

    NOTE NEW ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER!!!!!!


    Starting on 1 November 2006, I will be Professor of Experimental Meteorology at the Finnish Meteorological Institute and the Division of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Helsinki for a year, maybe longer.

    Goals:

  • to develop a program in synoptic and mesoscale meteorology in Finland, formerly the home of the great Erik Palmen. I will be coteaching an intensive short course on the Helsinki Testbed, a unique collection of instruments placed around Helsinki for very small mesoscale analysis and forecasting. I will be organizing a summer course for graduate students from around the world on mesoscale meteorology in summer 2007.
  • I will also help bridge the gap between the forecasters and the scientists at FMI and initiate research projects that benefit operational forecasting. This will involve mentoring students and forecasters on their research projects.

    Prof. David Schultz
    Erik Palmenin Aukio 1
    P.O. Box 503
    FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
    ph: +358-50-919-5453
    Room: Dynamicum 4A01d  


  • Adjunct Full Professor, School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma
    Editor, Monthly Weather Review
    Assistant Editor and Co-Founder, Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
    National Research Council Research Advisor
    Contributor, Canoe & Kayak magazine
    Past-President, Board of Directors, Norman Arts Council
    Former Coordinator, NWC Seminar Series and Colloquium

    The NSSL Historical Weather Data Archives

    The Increasing Costs of AMS Conferences

    The Mysteries of Mammatus Clouds by Schultz and Coauthors

    The Synoptic Regulation of Dryline Intensity by Schultz, Weiss, and Hoffman

    On the Use of Indices and Parameters in Forecasting Severe Storms by Doswell and Schultz

    Climatology of Elevated Severe Convective Storms by Kate Horgan et al.

    Fred Sanders Symposium: Photos and the Science of Cold Fronts


    Welcome to my homepage. Here at NSSL, I perform research within the confines of the general topic of Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology. The goal of synoptic-dynamic meteorologists is not only to forecast the weather, but to explain how and why the weather works the way it does. In this way, we understand why our weather forecasts are successful or not so successful, and find methods to improve the science of weather forecasting. I am primarily an observationalist, but my research, where appropriate, also entails numerical modeling (both idealized and real-data) and the development of theory and tools (methods, equations) for meteorological diagnosis.

    The
Intermountain Precipitation Experiment

    PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND

    CURRENT RESEARCH

    PERSONAL/BEING A SCIENTIST

    COOL LINKS

    MISCELLANEA

    3 MAY 1999 OKLAHOMA TORNADOES

    MY PERSONAL WEB PAGE (OU)

    I was one of the forecasters in the National Weather Service Office in Salt Lake City during the 2002 Winter Olympics.


    Click for Norman, Oklahoma Forecast Go to NSSL Return to the National Severe Storms Laboratory.

    David Schultz david.schultz@noaa.gov
    Last update: 22 May 2006

    Number of visitors: digits.com Counter courtesy of Net Digits (initiated late 1995).

    Number of hits:

    (initiated 1/13/99).


    index.shtml~0000644000101700001450000002274610536033007013054 0ustar schultzusers David Schultz: Homepage (NSSL)
    |MAIN| |PROFESSIONAL| |RESEARCH| |PERSONAL| |COOL LINKS| |MISC.| |MAY 3| |MUSIC| |MY OU WEB PAGE|
    David Schultz Surfing on the Upper Mountain Fork River in Oklahoma

    Dr. David M. Schultz

    Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, and
    Mesoscale Applications Group
    Forecast Research and Development Division
    National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
    U.S. Department of Commerce

    NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory/FRDD, Suite 4356
    120 David L. Boren Blvd
    Norman, OK 73072-7326

    phone: (405) 325-6136
    fax: not known at this time
    Room: National Weather Center 4360
    david.schultz@noaa.gov

    NOTE NEW ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER!!!!!!


    Starting on 1 November 2006, I will be Professor of Experimental Meteorology at the Finnish Meteorological Institute and the Division of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Helsinki for a year, maybe longer.

    Goals:

  • to develop a program in synoptic and mesoscale meteorology in Finland, formerly the home of the great Erik Palmen. I will be coteaching an intensive short course on the Helsinki Testbed, a unique collection of instruments placed around Helsinki for very small mesoscale analysis and forecasting. I will be organizing a summer course for graduate students from around the world on mesoscale meteorology in summer 2007.
  • I will also help bridge the gap between the forecasters and the scientists at FMI and initiate research projects that benefit operational forecasting. This will involve mentoring students and forecasters on their research projects.

    Prof. David Schultz
    Erik Palmenin Aukio 1
    P.O. Box 503
    FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
    ph: +358-50-919-5453
    Room: Dynamicum 4A01d  


  • Adjunct Full Professor, School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma
    Editor, Monthly Weather Review
    Assistant Editor and Co-Founder, Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
    National Research Council Research Advisor
    Contributor, Canoe & Kayak magazine
    Past-President, Board of Directors, Norman Arts Council
    Former Coordinator, NWC Seminar Series and Colloquium

    The NSSL Historical Weather Data Archives

    The Increasing Costs of AMS Conferences

    The Mysteries of Mammatus Clouds by Schultz and Coauthors

    The Synoptic Regulation of Dryline Intensity by Schultz, Weiss, and Hoffman

    Cloud-Top Temperatures of Precipitating Winter Clouds by Hanna, Schultz, and Irving

    On the Use of Indices and Parameters in Forecasting Severe Storms by Doswell and Schultz

    Banded Convection Caused by Frontogenesis in a Conditionally, Symmetrically, and Inertially Unstable Environment by Schultz and Knox

    Climatology of Elevated Severe Convective Storms by Kate Horgan et al.

    Fred Sanders Symposium: Photos and the Science of Cold Fronts


    Welcome to my homepage. Here at NSSL, I perform research within the confines of the general topic of Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology. The goal of synoptic-dynamic meteorologists is not only to forecast the weather, but to explain how and why the weather works the way it does. In this way, we understand why our weather forecasts are successful or not so successful, and find methods to improve the science of weather forecasting. I am primarily an observationalist, but my research, where appropriate, also entails numerical modeling (both idealized and real-data) and the development of theory and tools (methods, equations) for meteorological diagnosis.

    The
Intermountain Precipitation Experiment

    PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND

    CURRENT RESEARCH

    PERSONAL/BEING A SCIENTIST

    COOL LINKS

    MISCELLANEA

    3 MAY 1999 OKLAHOMA TORNADOES

    MY PERSONAL WEB PAGE (OU)

    I was one of the forecasters in the National Weather Service Office in Salt Lake City during the 2002 Winter Olympics.


    Click for Norman, Oklahoma Forecast Go to NSSL Return to the National Severe Storms Laboratory.

    David Schultz david.schultz@noaa.gov
    Last update: 22 May 2006

    Number of visitors: digits.com Counter courtesy of Net Digits (initiated late 1995).

    Number of hits:

    (initiated 1/13/99).


    light.shtml0000644000101700001450000001347510055670134012661 0ustar schultzusers David Schultz: Current Research: Lightning in Winter Storms

    Dr. David M. Schultz

    National Severe Storms Laboratory


    CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS:

    Lightning in Winter Storms


    Recent News (12/13/99): My manuscript "Lake-Effect Snowstorms in Northern Utah and Western New York with and without Lightning" has been published in the December 1999 issue of Weather and Forecasting. I would enjoy hearing your comments on this work.

    Schultz, D. M., 1999: Lake-effect snowstorms in northern Utah and western New York with and without lightning. Wea. Forecasting, 14, 1023-1031. [AMS] [PDF] [HTML]


    Jim Steenburgh and collaborators have written a paper on lake-effect snowstorms over the Great Salt Lake. In that paper, they develop a climatology of 16 well-defined events over the last 5 years (see their Table 1).

    Of the 16 lake-effect snowbands, three of those bands produced cloud-to-ground lightning as detected by the National Lightning Detection Network (courtesy of Gary Huffines and Richard Orville, Texas A&M). I compiled the proximity soundings (Salt Lake City) for each event.


    [CLICK TO ENLARGE.]
    The green lines are the three temperature profiles where CG lightning was observed during lake-effect snowstorms (LTG). The white lines are the remaining soundings occurring during lake-effect snowstorms with no lightning (NO LTG).

    I constructed a similar plot for the dewpoint temperatures.

    Note that the LTG soundings are warmer and moister in the lower troposphere than the NO LTG soundings. In fact, every LTG sounding has a warmer surface and 700 hPa temperature than all the NO LTG soundings. There appears to be no difference between the two groups (LTG and NO LTG) for the lower-tropospheric lapse rate, as measured by the surface-700-hPa temperature.

    The Great-Salt-Lake temperatures (courtesy of Scott Halvorson, University of Utah) for the LTG cases were 13.5, 14.0, and 18.0 deg C. For the NO LTG cases, they were 2.0-12.0 deg C.

    Two similar plots for lake-effect snowstorms in Buffalo, derived from a series of dates listed in Moore and Orville (1990, Monthly Weather Review), can be seen here (temperature) and here (dewpoint).

    That warm lower tropospheres favor lightning doesn't hold all the time. Here is an example (courtesy of Jim LaDue, Operational Support Facility) of a temperature and dewpoint sounding taken 3 hours before two positive cloud-to-ground strokes recorded by the NLDN. Note that it is nearly -20 C at the surface!

    These results are in agreement with those of Holle and Cortinas (1998). In particular, their Fig. 2 shows that the number of reports of thunder is greater at Salt Lake City and Buffalo for surface temperatures greater than 0 degrees C.

    MacGorman and Rust (1998, 292) summarize their review of lightning in winter storms with, ``we are aware of no thorough scientific investigation of causal relationships between the electrical state of winter storms and their snowfall. Extensive tests to evaluate the proposed hypotheses concerning possible links between lightning and the mesoscale and synoptic scale meteorology associated with winter storms have yet to be performed.'' I hope that this research provides some evidence towards understanding the synoptic-scale environment for lightning in winter storms. Hopefully, this work will also lead to operational criteria for forecasting wintertime lightning.

    Other links

    Beckman, S. K., 1989: Reply. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 254-255.
    Hunter, S. M., S. J. Underwood, R. L. Holle, and T. L. Mote, 2001: Winter lightning and heavy frozen precipitation in the southeast United States. Weather and Forecasting, 16, 478-490.
    Market, P. S., Halcomb, C. E., Ebert, R. L., 2002: A climatology of thundersnow events over the contiguous United States. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 1290-1295.


    If you have any further questions about the research discussed here, or desire a manuscript, please feel free to write to me: david.schultz@noaa.gov.

    Return to David Schultz's homepage.


    Since 1/18/99, Number of hits:
    METR6990.shtml0000644000101700001450000004055707672647332012671 0ustar schultzusers METR 6990

    METR 6990: Special Problems

    Subtitled: Synoptic-scale Influences on Convection

    Professor: David Schultz, National Severe Storms Laboratory

    Class time: 9:30-11:30 am, Thursdays (starting Aug. 24)

    Class location: NSSL Main Conference Room (first floor)

    Prerequisites: Permission of Instructor

    Register under section 028 for 1-3 credits. The grading is S/U.

    This course will be primarily reading and discussion on synoptic-scale influences on convection. Topics to be covered will depend on those enrolled, but may include the following: spatial and temporal climatology of deep moist convection, convection in the desert Southwest, synoptic-scale effects on convection, observations of convection.


    Tentative Syllabus:

    August 24: An Overview of Convection and Synoptics
    Doswell (2001): Severe Convective Storms -- An Overview
    Doswell and Bosart (2001): Extratropical Synoptic-Scale Processes and Severe Convection

    August 31: Cyclone Workshop-Schultz out of town: Jack Kain guest-moderates
    Doswell (1982): The Operational Meteorology of Convective Weather Volume I: Operational Mesoanalysis. NOAA Tech Memo NWS NSSFC-5
    Johns and Doswell (1992): Severe local storms forecasting. WAF, 7, 588-612.
    Doswell et al. (1996): Flash flood forecasting: An ingredients-based methodology. WAF, 11, 560-581.

    September 7:
    Convection Climatology: Big Picture
    Hsu and Wallace (1976): The global distribution of the annual and semiannual cycles in precipitation. MWR, 104, 1093-1101.
    Garreaud and Wallace (1997): The diurnal march of convective cloudiness over the Americas. MWR, 125, 3157-3171.
    Iskenderian (1995): A 10-year climatology of Northern Hemispheric tropical cloud plumes and their composite flow patterns. J. Climate, 8, 1630-1637.
    Laing and Fritsch (1997): The global populations of mesoscale convective complexes. QJRMS, 123, 389-405.
    Laing and Fritsch (2000): The large-scale environments of the global populations of mesoscale convective complexes. MWR, 128, 2756-2776.

    September 14:
    Convection Climatology of U.S.
    Wallace (1975): Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous U.S. MWR, 103, 406-419.
    Changnon (1988a,b): Climatography of thunder events in the conterminous U.S. Parts I and II. J. Climate, 1, 389-398, 399-405.
    Karl and Knight (1998): Secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in the United States. BAMS, 79, 231-241.

    September 21:Convective Initiation
    Fulks (1951): The Instability Line. Compendium of Meteorology. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    Newton (1963): Dynamics of Severe Convective Storms. Severe Local Storms Monograph, 5(27), Amer. Meteor. Soc., 33-58.
    Beebe and Bates, 1955: A mechanism for assisting in the release of convective instability. MWR, 83, 1-10.
    Beebe, R., 1958: Tornado proximity soundings. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39, 195-201.

    September 28: Schultz out of town: Prof. Jim Moore guest moderates
    Great Plains Elevated Mixed Layers
    Carlson et al., 1983: Elevated mixed layers in the severe storm environment---Conceptual model and case studies. MWR, 111, 1453-1473.
    Lanicci, John M., Thomas T. Warner, 1991: A Synoptic Climatology of the Elevated Mixed-Layer Inversion over the Southern Great Plains in Spring. Part I: Structure, Dynamics, and Seasonal Evolution. Weather and Forecasting: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 181-197.
    Lanicci, John M., Thomas T. Warner, 1991: A Synoptic Climatology of the Elevated Mixed-Layer Inversion over the Southern Great Plains in Spring. Part II: The Life Cycle of the Lid. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 198-213.
    Lanicci, John M., Thomas T. Warner, 1991: A Synoptic Climatology of the Elevated Mixed-Layer Inversion over the Southern Great Plains in Spring. Part III: Relationship to Severe-Storms Climatology. Weather and Forecasting: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 214-226.

    October 5: Schultz out of town: Dave Stensrud guest moderates
    Low-Level Jets
    Stensrud (1996): Importance of Low-Level Jets to Climate: A Review. J. Climate, 9, 1698-1711.
    Bonner (1968): Climatology of the low-level jet. MWR, 96, 833-850.
    Hoecker (1963): Three southerly low-level jet streams delineated by the Weather Bureau special pibal network of 1961. MWR, 91, 573-582.
    Rasmussen (1967): Atmospheric water vapor transport and the water balance of North America. Part I: Characteristics of the water vapor flux field. MWR, 95, 403-426.
    Thompson et al. (1994): Autumnal return of tropical air to the Gulf of Mexico's coastal plain. WAF, 9, 348-360.
    Higgins et al (1997): Influence of the Great Plains low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central U.S. J. Climate, 10, 481-507.

    October 12: Elevated Convection
    Colman (1990): Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: A climatology. MWR, 118, 1103-1121.
    Colman (1990): Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part II: Organization and instability mechanisms. MWR, 118, 1123-1144.
    Williams (1991): Comments on "Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: A climatology." MWR, 119, 2511-2513.
    Colman, Bradley R., 1991: Reply. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 119, No. 10, pp. 2514-2514.
    Moore et al., 1998: Heavy precipitation associated with elevated thunderstorms formed in a convectively unstable layer aloft. Meteorol. Applications, 5, 373-384.

    October 19:Convection and Extratropical Cyclones
    Uccellini, 1990: Processes contributing to the rapid development of extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones, The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81-105.
    Browning, K. A., 1990: Organization of clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones, The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 129-153.
    Dickinson, M. J., L. F. Bosart, W. E. Bracken, G. J. Hakim, D. M. Schultz, M. A. Bedrick, and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The March 1993 Superstorm cyclogenesis: Incipient phase synoptic- and convective-scale flow interaction and model performance. Monthly Weather Review, 125, 3041-3072. |PDF FILE|

    October 26: North American Monsoon and Jim Moore seminar
    Barlow, Mathew, Sumant Nigam, Ernesto H. Berbery, 1998: Evolution of the North American Monsoon System. Journal of Climate: Vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 2238-2257.
    Douglas, Machael W., Robert A. Maddox,, Kenneth Howard, Sergio Reyes , 1993: The Mexican Monsoon. Journal of Climate: Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 1665-1678.
    Higgins, R. W., Y. Yao, X. L. Wang, 1997: Influence of the North American Monsoon System on the U.S. Summer Precipitation Regime. Journal of Climate: Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 2600-2622.

    November 2: Arizona Convection: Dave Schultz out of town. Mike Douglas Guest Moderates
    Maddox, Robert A., Darren M. McCollum, Kenneth W. Howard, 1995: Large-Scale Patterns Associated with Severe Summertime Thunderstorms over Central Arizona. Weather and Forecasting: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 763-778.
    Wallace, Clinton E., Robert A. Maddox, Kenneth W. Howard, 1999: Summertime Convective Storm Environments in Central Arizona: Local Observations. Weather and Forecasting: Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 994-1006.
    Carleton, A. M., 1986: Synoptic-dynamic character of bursts and breaks in the southwest U.S. summer precipitation singularity. J. Climatology, 6, 605-623. (pages 617-623 optional).

    November 9: Orographic Convective Initiation and Brad Smull seminar
    Banta (1990): The Role of Mountain Flows in Making Clouds. Atmospheric Processes over Complex Terrain, W. Blumen, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 229-283

    November 16: Orographic Convective Initiation (continued)
    Banta and Schaaf (1987): Thunderstorm genesis zones in the Colorado Rocky Mountains as determined by traceback of geosynchronous satellite images. MWR, 115, 463-476.
    Haiden (2000): Mountain cumulus initiation along the Colorado Front Range. Ninth Conf. on Mountain Meteorology, Aspen, Colorado, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 352-354.

    November 23: Thanksgiving

    November 30: Microscale Effects
    Austin, 1948: A note on cumulus growth in a nonsaturated environment. J. Meteor., 5, 103-107.
    Yuter, Sandra E., Robert A. Houze Jr., 1995: Three-Dimensional Kinematic and Microphysical Evolution of Florida Cumulonimbus. Part I: Spatial Distribution of Updrafts, Downdrafts, and Precipitation. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 123, No. 7, pp. 1921-1940.
    Yuter, Sandra E., Robert A. Houze Jr., 1995: Three-Dimensional Kinematic and Microphysical Evolution of Florida Cumulonimbus. Part II: Frequency Distributions of Vertical Velocity, Reflectivity, and Differential Reflectivity. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 123, No. 7, pp. 1941-1963.
    Yuter, Sandra E., Robert A. Houze Jr., 1995: Three-Dimensional Kinematic and Microphysical Evolution of Florida Cumulonimbus. Part III: Vertical Mass Transport, Maw Divergence, and Synthesis. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 123, No. 7, pp. 1964-1983.

    December 7: Miscellaneous Topics and Where Do We Go From Here?
    Roebber, P.J. and L.F. Bosart, 1998: The sensitivity of precipitation to circulation details. Part I: An analysis of regional analogues. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 437-455.
    Bryan, George H., Michael J. Fritsch, 2000: Moist Absolute Instability: The Sixth Static Stability State. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 81, No. 6, pp. 1207-1230.
    Fritsch et al. (1998): Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting: Report of the Eight Prospectus Team, U.S. Weather Research Program. BAMS, 79, 285-299.


    Growing Reading List:

    Synoptic climatology

    Heideman and Fritsch, 1988: Forcing mechanisms and other characteristics of significant summertime precipitation. WAF, 3, 115-130.

    Epstein and Barnston 1990: A precipitation climatology of 5-day periods.

    Hagemeyer 1991: A lower-tropospheric thermodynamic climatology for March through September: Some implications for thunderstorm forecasting.

    Winkler et al. 1988: Seasonal variations in the diurnal characteristics of heavy hourly precipitation across the United States.

    Brooks and Stensrud, 2000: Climatology of Heavy Rain Events in the United States from Hourly Precipitation Observations.

    Observations of convection

    Stensrud, D.J., 1996: Effects of a persistent, midlatitude mesoscale region of convection on the large-scale environment during the warm season.

    Stensrud, D.J., and R.A. Maddox, 1988: Opposing mesoscale circulations: A case study.

    Yuter and Houze 1995: Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Parts I, II, and III.

    Forecasting the mode of convection


    OU Academic Integrity Website: http://www.ou.edu/provost/integrity/


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    David Schultz david.schultz@noaa.gov
    Last update: 16 November 2000

    Number of hits: (initiated 4/26/00).


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    David M. Schultz


    WHAT'S NEW

    Atmospheric datasets online (29 June 2002)

    Schultz, D. M., and H. Wernli: Determining cyclone structure and evolution from large-scale flow. A web essay. (20 August 2001)

    I taught a class at OU during Fall 2000 entitled Synoptic-Scale Influences on Convection (METR6990). (22 December 2000)

    The Vorticity Maximum of 27 November 2000 (29 N